- bronchial asthma
- bronchioligitis (children)
- COPD
- Ageing; lack of fitness
- Left heart failure
- Obesity
Serious disorders not to be missed
- Cardiovascular
- Acute heart failure
- arrhythmia
- pulmonary embolism
- fat embolism
- pulmonary hypertension
- dissecting aneurysm
- cardiomyopathy
- pericardial tamponade
- anaphylaxis
- Neoplasia
- bronchial carncma, other malignancy
- Severe infections
- SARS
- avian influenza
- pneumonia
- acute epiglottitis
- Respiratory disorders
- inhaled foreign body
- upper airways obstruction
- pneumothorax
- atelectasis
- pleural effusion
- tuberculosis
- acute respiratory distress syndrome
- Neuromuscular disease
- infective polyneuritis
- poliomyelitis
Pitfalls
- interstitial lung disease
- idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
- extrinsic allergic alveolitis
- sarcoidosis
- chemical pneumonitis
- metabolic acidosis
- radiotherapy
- kidney failure (uraemia)
- multiple small pulmonary emboli
Severn masquerades checklist
- Depression
- Diabetes
- Drugs
- Anaemia
- Thyroid disorder
- Spinal dysfunction
Is the patient trying to tell me something?
- Consider functional hyperventilation
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